Successful management of pulmonary edema secondary to accidental electrocution in a young dog.

BACKGROUND: Human records describe pulmonary edema as a life-threatening complication of electric shock. Successful management requires prompt recognition and intensive care. However, in companion animals, electrocutions are rarely reported, even though domestic environments are full of electrical devices and there is always the possibility of accidental injury. Therefore, it is important for veterinarians to know more about this condition in order to achieve successful patient outcomes. CASE PRESENTATION: A 3-month-old male Labrador Retriever was presented with a history of transient loss of consciousness after chewing on a household electrical cord. On admission, the puppy showed an orthopneic position with moderate respiratory distress. Supplemental oxygen via nasal catheter was provided, but the patient showed marked worsening of respiratory status. Point-of-care ultrasound exams suggested neurogenic pulmonary edema due to electrical shock close to the central nervous system and increased B-lines without evidence of cardiac abnormalities. Mechanical ventilation of the patient was initiated using volume-controlled mode with a tidal volume of 9 to 15 ml/kg until reaching an end-tidal carbon dioxide ≤ 40 mm Hg, followed by a stepwise lung-recruitment maneuver in pressure-controlled mode with increases of the peak inspiratory pressure (15 to 20 cm H2O) and positive end-expiratory pressure (3 to 10 cm H2O) for 30 min, and return to volume-controlled mode with a tidal volume of 15 ml/kg until reaching a peripheral oxygen saturation ≥ 96%. Weaning from the ventilator was achieved in six hours, and the patient was discharged two days after admission without neurological or respiratory deficits. CONCLUSIONS: We present a rather unusual case of a neurogenic pulmonary edema subsequent to accidental electrocution in a dog. Timely diagnosis by ultrasound and mechanical ventilation settings are described. Our case highlights that pulmonary edema should be considered a potentially life-threatening complication of electrical shock in small animal emergency and critical care medicine.

The Use of Diets in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Gastrointestinal Diseases in Dogs and Cats.

The nutritional health of dogs and cats is important to pet owners around the world. Nutrition is inextricably linked to the health of the gastrointestinal system and vice versa. Gastrointestinal signs, such as vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, or weight loss, are one of the most common reasons that dog and cat owners make non-routine appointments with veterinarians. Those patients are evaluated systematically to identify and/or rule out the causes of the symptoms. Some causes of chronic diarrhea are within the gastrointestinal tract while others are secondary to pathogenic factors outside the digestive system. Some useful biomarkers of chronic intestinal disease (enteropathy) exist in serum and feces. After determination that the clinical signs are due to primary gastrointestinal disease and that there is no parasitism, specific diets are used for at least two weeks. There are several types of diets for pets with chronic enteropathies. There are limited ingredient diets and hydrolyzed protein diets with reduced levels of allergens. There are also highly digestible and fiber-enhanced diets. Some diets contain probiotics and/or prebiotics. If symptoms do not improve and the patient is stable, a diet from a different class may be tried. For chronic enteropathies, the prognosis is generally good for symptom resolution or at least improvement. However, if interventions with novel diets do not ameliorate the symptoms of chronic enteropathy, then antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, or immunosuppressant therapy or further, more invasive diagnostics such as taking an intestinal biopsy, may be indicated. Pancreatitis is a common gastrointestinal disease in dogs and cats and patients may present with mild to severe disease. Many patients with mild to moderate disease can be successfully treated with early supportive care, including feeding a low-fat diet. A novel pharmaceutical, fuzapladib (Panoquell-CA1) looks very promising for treating more severe forms of acute pancreatitis in dogs. Maintenance on a low-fat diet may prevent pancreatitis in at-risk dogs. Future advances in medicine will allow pet owners and veterinarians to use dietary management to maximize the health of their dogs and cats.

Basic triage in dogs and cats: Part III.

Background: Emergency cases can be presented at any time of the day or night. All small animal practitioners need to have the skills to triage and stabilize common emergency cases, even if the ultimate goal is to refer the animal to another facility. Objective and procedure: The third and final part of this 3-part review article series discusses arrhythmias typical in emergency cases and the approach to animals that are presented with an inability to stand up and walk normally. A stepwise method to categorize and stabilize these cases is outlined, along with helpful tips to optimize the referral experience, if indicated. Results: Recognizing and knowing how to treat tachy- and bradyarrhythmias is important in stabilizing a dog's or cat's condition. Understanding how to differentiate the various reasons that a dog or cat is unable to stand on its own allows a veterinarian to both treat and communicate outcome expectations for those animals. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Do not refer emergent cases before basic stabilization is completed. Many emergency cases can either be worked up by the primary veterinarian or sent to a referral clinic on an appointment basis after appropriate stabilization steps have occurred.

Triage de base chez les chiens et les chats : Partie III. Mise en contexte: Les cas d'urgence peuvent être présentés à toute heure du jour ou de la nuit. Tous les praticiens des petits animaux doivent avoir les compétences nécessaires pour trier et stabiliser les cas d'urgence courants, même si le but ultime est de référer l'animal vers un autre établissement. Objectif et procédure: La troisième et dernière partie de cette série d'articles de synthèse en trois parties traite des arythmies typiques des cas d'urgence et de l'approche des animaux présentant une incapacité à se lever et à marcher normalement. Une méthode par étapes pour catégoriser et stabiliser ces cas est décrite, ainsi que des conseils utiles pour optimiser l'expérience de référence, si cela est indiqué. Résultats: Reconnaître et savoir comment traiter les tachy- et bradyarythmies est important pour stabiliser l'état d'un chien ou d'un chat. Comprendre comment différencier les différentes raisons pour lesquelles un chien ou un chat est incapable de se tenir seul permet au vétérinaire de traiter et de communiquer les attentes en matière de résultats pour ces animaux. Conclusion et pertinence clinique: Ne référez pas les cas urgents avant que la stabilisation de base ne soit terminée. De nombreux cas d'urgence peuvent être traités par le vétérinaire initial ou envoyés à une clinique de référence sur rendez-vous après que les mesures de stabilisation appropriées ont été prises.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Basic triage in dogs and cats: Part II.

Background: Emergency cases can be presented at any time of the day or night. All small animal practitioners need to have the skills to triage and stabilize common emergency cases, even if cases are ultimately referred to another facility. Objective and procedure: The second part of this 3-part review article series discusses animals that collapse at home as well as dogs and cats with bleeding. A stepwise approach to categorize and stabilize these cases is outlined, along with helpful tips to optimize the referral experience, if indicated. Results: Having a robust and methodical approach to animals that collapse is important for many emergency cases, as the causes and treatment methods vary. Bleeding can lead to acute death if left untreated and knowing the steps to stop bleeding is important for patient stabilization. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Do not refer emergent cases before completing basic stabilization. Many emergency cases do not require emergent referral and can be worked up by the primary veterinarian or sent to a referral clinic on an appointment basis after appropriate stabilization steps have occurred.

Triage de base chez les chiens et les chats : Partie II. Contexte: Les cas d'urgence peuvent être présentés à toute heure du jour ou de la nuit. Tous les praticiens des petits animaux doivent avoir les compétences nécessaires pour trier et stabiliser les cas d'urgence courants, même si les cas sont finalement transférés vers un autre établissement. Objectif et procédure: Le deuxième de cette série de trois articles traite des animaux qui s'effondrent à la maison ainsi que des chiens et des chats qui saignent. Une approche par étapes pour catégoriser et stabiliser ces cas est décrite, ainsi que des conseils utiles pour optimiser l'expérience de référence, si elle est indiquée. Résultats: Avoir une approche robuste et méthodique face aux animaux qui s'effondrent est important dans de nombreux cas d'urgence, car les causes et les méthodes de traitement varient. Les saignements peuvent entraîner une mort aiguë s'ils ne sont pas traités et connaître les étapes à suivre pour arrêter le saignement est important pour la stabilisation du patient. Conclusion et pertinence clinique: Ne référez pas les cas urgents avant d'avoir terminé la stabilisation de base. De nombreux cas d'urgence ne nécessitent pas de référence urgente et peuvent être traités par le vétérinaire initial ou envoyés à une clinique de référence sur rendez-vous après que les mesures de stabilisation appropriées ont été prises.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

The most common congenital malformations in dogs: Literature review and practical guide.

Congenital malformations can affect almost 7% of canine newborns. The increase of commercial dog breeding and inbreeding used to maintain the striking characteristics of each breed, the appearance of malformations has become increasingly common, especially in brachycephalic dogs. The causes are diverse, and include genetic, nutritional, iatrogenic, and infectious factors, often making it difficult to establish a cause-consequence relationship. The high mortality associated with malformations comes not only from the fact that some are incompatible with life, but also because even if many undergo surgical treatment or correction, they require specific management, monitoring, and clinical treatment for an indefinite period of time. The most common malformations such as cleft lip and palate, hydrocephalus and anasarca have been studied for a long time, and it is currently known that brachycephalic dogs have a greater predisposition, however, for other less common conditions as gastroschisis and hypospadias, there is only a few case reports. The appearance of congenital defects in a litter leads to financial losses for the breeder, emotional losses for the owner and the veterinarian and harms the well-being of that individual. For this reason, the aim of this review article is to gather relevant information on the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of the main malformations in puppies. It is essential that the veterinarian is prepared to diagnose and treat these conditions, reducing negative impacts on animals and owners.

Pulsed shortwave electromagnetic field therapy increases quality of life in canines with symptoms of osteoarthritics.

BACKGROUND: Joint stiffness, lameness and reduced activity levels are common inflammatory responses observed in canines and have significant impact on quality of life (QOL). The symptoms are often ascribed to osteoarthritis (OA), for which the standard treatment is systemic anti-inflammatories, but pharmacologic intervention can have significant short-term and long-term side effects. OBJECTIVES: Test the efficacy of a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-cleared pulsed shortwave therapy (PSWT) device as a means to modulate vagus nerve activity and initiate a systemic anti-inflammatory response to determine its ability to improve functionality and the QOL of canines with inflammatory symptoms commonly associated with OA. METHODS: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 14-day study of 60 dogs with a presumptive prior diagnosis of OA in at least one limb joint. Two outcomes assessing changes in the dog's QOL and functionality were measured: subjectively determined changes in eight behaviours associated with discomfort and objectively determined changes in passive range of motion (PROM). The device was secured near the cervico-thoracic region of the dog's spine. PROM measures were taken at baseline and at the end of study. Behavioural measures were taken daily. RESULTS: Forty-nine animals completed the study. No negative side effects were reported. Average subjective discomfort scores for the treatment group (N = 26) were reduced from 3.74 to 2.10 (44%), compared to no improvement in the placebo group (N = 23) over the study period (p = 0.0001). Average PROM scores increased by 5.51 (4.59-6.23) degrees relative to the placebo group (p < 0.01). Ninety-six per cent of the treatment group showed either increased PROM or improved behavioural changes or both, compared to 4% for the placebo group (p < 0.01). Most changes occurred within the first 8 days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: PSWT applied at the level of the cervico-thoracic spine to target the vagus nerve may have the potential to improve QOL in dogs manifesting behaviours commonly associated with OA.

Effect of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans spores on induced allergic contact dermatitis in dogs.

BACKGROUND: Probiotic strains have the potential to modulate immune responses, reduce intestinal inflammation, normalize intestinal mucosal function and decrease allergic reactions. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of oral probiotic supplements containing Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans spores on clinical symptoms, haematological factors and immune responses to allergic contact dermatitis in dogs induced by dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). METHODS: DNCB was injected subcutaneously into the scapular region of 20 healthy adult dogs of both sexes, divided into four groups, to induce experimental allergic contact dermatitis. Dogs in Group 1 received food without probiotics or medication. Oral prednisolone was administered to Group 2 for 30 days at a dosage of 0.25 mg/kg every other day. The dogs in Group 3 were treated with a combination of oral prednisolone and probiotics. The dogs in Group 4 were fed daily with a mixture of 109 B. subtilis and B. coagulans bacteria for 30 days. The immune system responses and related gene expression were analysed in the treated animals. RESULTS: The administration of probiotics for 30 days resulted in a reduction in clinical symptoms and duration of wound repair. The probiotics treatment also significantly increased the serum bactericidal effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It enhanced both the classic and alternative activity of the complement, as well as lysozyme activity. Additionally, the probiotics led to higher total immunoglobulin levels and significant reductions in anti-trypsin and C-reactive protein levels. Furthermore, the expression of IgE, induction of interferon-gamma and IL-4 genes were also reduced. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, B. subtilis and B. coagulans can be further investigated as a viable alternative to corticosteroids in treating allergic contact dermatitis in dogs.

Basic triage in dogs and cats: Part I.

Background: Emergency cases can present at any time of the day or night. All small animal practitioners need to have the skills to triage and stabilize common emergency cases even if they ultimately aim to refer the patient to another facility. Objectives and procedures: The first part of this 3-part review article series covers respiratory distress and seizures. A stepwise approach to categorize and stabilize these cases is outlined, along with helpful tips to optimize the referral experience, if indicated. Results: Having a strong methodical approach to animals in respiratory distress optimizes treatment. Similarly, achieving cessation of seizures, along with having a good understanding of the causes of seizures, allows for patient stabilization. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Do NOT refer emergent cases before completing basic stabilization. Many emergency cases do not require emergent referral and can be worked up by the primary veterinarian or sent to a referral clinic on an appointment basis after appropriate stabilization steps are completed.

Triage de base chez les chiens et les chats : Partie I. Contexte: Les cas urgents peuvent se présenter à tout moment du jour ou de la nuit. Tous les médecins vétérinaires en pratique des petits animaux doivent avoir les compétences pour effectuer un triage et stabiliser les cas urgents fréquents même s'ils prévoient ultimement référer le patient à un autre établissement. Objectifs et procédures: La première partie de cet article de revue en 3 parties traite de la détresse respiratoire et des convulsions. Une approche progressive pour catégoriser et stabiliser ces cas est présentée, avec des conseils utiles pour optimiser l'expérience de référencement, si nécessaire. Résultats: Avoir une approche méthodique solide lors de cas de détresse respiratoire chez les animaux permet d'optimiser le traitement. De manière similaire, être capable de maîtriser les convulsions tout en ayant une bonne compréhension de leurs causes, permettent une meilleure stabilisation du patient. Conclusion et pertinence clinique: Ne PAS procéder au référencement de cas urgents avant d'avoir terminé une stabilisation de base. Plusieurs cas urgents ne nécessitent pas d'être référé en urgence et peuvent être pris en charge par le médecin vétérinaire primaire ou transféré à une clinique de référence après la prise d'un rendez-vous une fois qu'une stabilisation adéquate ait été complétée.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Successful treatment of a severe 5-hydroxytrytophan intoxication using carbon hemoperfusion, hemodiafiltration, and mechanical ventilation in a dog.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the successful use of carbon hemoperfusion and hemodiafiltration in combination with mechanical ventilation (MV) to treat a severe intoxication of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in a dog. CASE SUMMARY: A dog ingested a minimum of 550 mg/kg of extended-release 5-HTP, resulting in serotonin syndrome that progressed to a comatose state and severe hypoventilation requiring MV. Extracorporeal carbon hemoperfusion coupled with hemodiafiltration was performed to remove 5-HTP from this patient. A carbon hemoperfusion cartridge was placed in series upstream in the extracorporeal circuit from the hemodialyzer. A total of 46.5 L of blood (4.89 L/kg) was processed during a 4.85-hour treatment. Serial plasma samples were obtained at 0, 60, 90, and 150 minutes during the session and 14 hours after the session. These samples were later analyzed for 5-HTP and serotonin concentrations. The extraction ratio of 5-HTP was 93.6%-98.9% through the carbon filter. The dog was weaned from MV within 8 hours after extracorporeal therapy and, after a full recovery, was successfully discharged. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: Despite an extensive review of the available literature, this appears to be the first reported case of using a carbon hemoperfusion, hemodiafiltration, and MV to treat severe serotonin syndrome secondary to 5-HTP intoxication in a dog. The combination of carbon hemoperfusion and hemodiafiltration can significantly reduce plasma 5-HTP concentrations after acute intoxication and may serve to decrease morbidity and mortality in patients with severe intoxication.

The use of a kaolin-based hemostatic dressing to attenuate bleeding in dogs: A series of 4 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of a synthetic hemostatic dressing, QuikClot Combat Gauze (QCG), in dogs with bleeding wounds. CASE SERIES SUMMARY: Two dogs presented with bleeding traumatic wounds, and QCG was used to achieve hemostasis during stabilization of these dogs. In the other 2 dogs, QCG was used to help attenuate bleeding associated with a surgical procedure. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: While hemostatic dressings have been widely studied and used in human medicine, there is minimal information on the use and efficacy of these hemostatic dressings in veterinary medicine. This case series describes the use of QCG in dogs with hemorrhaging wounds. QCG could be a valuable resource in veterinary emergency and critical care settings.

Medical management of pneumoperitoneum, gastric pneumatosis, and hepatic venous gas secondary to 3% hydrogen peroxide toxicity in a dog.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the medical management and outcome of a dog suffering severe hydrogen peroxide toxicity. CASE SUMMARY: A 3-year-old neutered female Bichon Frise was presented to an emergency and referral practice after ingestion of 10-20 mL/kg 3% hydrogen peroxide. On presentation, the dog was obtunded, was tachypneic, and had severe gastric tympany. Abdominal radiographs revealed pneumoperitoneum, gastric pneumatosis, and hepatic venous gas. The dog was managed conservatively with supportive care and oxygen therapy. Repeat radiographs 6 hours later showed complete resolution of all gas inclusions. While hospitalized, the dog developed severe hematemesis, and abdominal ultrasound revealed severe gastric wall thickening. Subsequent endoscopy confirmed severe gastric mucosal necrosis without evidence of deeper ulceration and relatively mild petechiation of the esophagus. The dog was ultimately discharged after 5 days of hospitalization and continued to do well at home. Recheck ultrasound 5 weeks postdischarge showed normal gastric wall appearance. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of pneumoperitoneum secondary to hydrogen peroxide toxicity and the first description of the clinical course of severe toxicity in dogs.

Heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cells as a limiting factor in their clinical application to inflammatory bowel disease in dogs and cats.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a major subtype of chronic enteropathies in dogs and cats. Conventional drugs such as immunomodulatory medicines as glucocorticoids and/or other anti-inflammatory are mainly applied for treatment. However, these drugs are not always effective to maintain remission from IBD and are limited by unacceptable side effects. Hence, more effective and safe therapeutic options need to be developed. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells with a self-renewal capacity, and have immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and tissue repair properties. Therefore, the application of MSCs as an alternative therapy for IBD has great potential in veterinary medicine. The efficacy of adipose tissue-derived MSC (ADSC) therapy for IBD in dogs and cats has been reported, including numerous studies in animal models. However, treatment outcomes in clinical trials of human IBD patients have not been consistent with preclinical studies. MSC-based therapy for various diseases has received widespread attention, but various problems in such therapy remain, among which no consensus has been reached on the preparation and treatment procedures for MSCs, and cellular heterogeneity of MSCs may be an issue. This review describes the current status of ADSC therapy for canine and feline IBD and summarizes the cellular heterogeneity of canine ADSCs, to highlight the necessity for further reduction or elimination of MSCs heterogeneity and standardization of MSC-based therapies.

Retrospective evaluation of 22 dogs with leptospirosis treated with extracorporeal renal replacement therapies (2018-2021).

BACKGROUND: Outcomes of dogs with acute kidney injury secondary to leptospirosis (AKI-L) treated using renal replacement therapies (RRT) are poorly characterized. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Describe survival to discharge, short (≤30 days) and long-term (≥6 months) outcomes of AKI-L dogs receiving RRT and determine if there is a significant difference in maximum blood urea nitrogen (maxBUN), maximum creatinine (maxCr), maximum bilirubin (maxBili) and the number of body systems affected between survivors and non-survivors. ANIMALS: Twenty-two client-owned dogs with AKI-L receiving RRT. METHODS: Retrospective medical record review of dogs with AKI-L that received RRT between 2018 and 2021. RESULTS: Sixteen of 22 (73%) dogs survived to discharge. Of the survivors, 13 (81%) were alive >30 days from discharge and 12 (75%) were alive at 6 months from discharge. Factors significantly higher in non-survivors included number of body systems affected (survivors: 1 (19%), 2 (50%), 3 (25%) and 4 (6%) vs non-survivors: 3 (33.3%), and 4 (66.7%); P = .01) and median maxBili (survivors: 1.9 mg/dL; range, 0.1-41.6 vs non-survivors: 21.0 mg/dL; range, 12.3-38.9; P = .02). There was no significant difference in median maxBUN (survivors: 153.0 mg/dL; range, 67-257 vs non-survivors: 185.5 mg/dL; range, 102-218; P = .44) and median maxCr (survivors: 9.8 mg/dL; range, 6.2-15.9 vs non-survivors: 9.8 mg/dL; range, 8.4-13.5; P = .69) between survivors and non-survivors. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Regardless of azotemia severity, dogs with AKI-L receiving RRT have a good survival rate to discharge. The number of body systems affected and hyperbilirubinemia might be associated with worse outcomes.

[Overview of canine eosinophilic lung and bronchial diseases]. / Übersicht über die eosinophilen Lungen- und Bronchialerkrankungen des Hundes.

In dogs with chronic cough eosinophilic lung disease (ELD) may be present, especially in young dogs. A breed predisposition has been described in Alaskan Malamutes and Siberian Huskies. Chronic cough is the most common clinical sign. Other symptoms include nasal discharge, sneezing, poly- or dyspnea and exercise intolerance. The exact pathogenesis is unknown. Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is suspected. Eosinophilic lung diseases may be classified into different groups (eosinophilic bronchitis, eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy and eosinophilic granuloma). Diagnostic work-up includes hematology, imaging, bronchoscopy and cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. A wide spectrum is present in terms of the expression and severity of the changes. The current reported treatment is systemic or inhaled glucocorticoids, or a combination of both.Most patients respond well to therapy. Relapses after treatment discontinuation are common.

A prospective cohort study to identify clinical diagnostic and prognostic markers of primary immune thrombocytopenia in dogs.

BACKGROUND: Primary immune thrombocytopenia (pITP) in dogs presents a diagnostic challenge, and clinical markers of severity are lacking. OBJECTIVES: Identify clinicopathologic features that differentiate pITP from secondary ITP (sITP) and markers related to bleeding severity, transfusion, and survival of dogs with pITP. ANIMALS: Ninety-eight thrombocytopenic dogs (58 pITP and 40 sITP). METHODS: Client-owned dogs with platelet counts <50 000/µL were enrolled in a prospective, multi-institution cohort study. History and treatment information, through a maximum of 7 days, was recorded on standard data forms. Bleeding severity was scored daily using a bleeding assessment tool (DOGiBAT). At-admission blood samples were collected for CBC, biochemistry, C-reactive protein concentration, and coagulation panels, and to measure platelet surface-associated immunoglobulin G (PSAIg) and expression of platelet membrane proteins and phospholipids. Dogs with evidence of coincident disease were classified as sITP. RESULTS: No definitive pITP diagnostic test was found. However, pITP cases were characterized by lower platelet counts, D dimer concentrations, and platelet membrane protein expression than sITP cases. Differentiation between pITP and sITP was further enhanced using logistic regression modeling combining patient sex, coagulation profile, platelet count, D dimer, and PSAIg. A second model of pITP severity indicated that low hematocrit and high BUN concentration were associated with non-survival. Low hematocrit at admission, but not platelet count or DOGiBAT score, was associated with transfusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Pending validation studies, models constructed from at-admission clinicopathologic findings may improve differentiation of pITP from sITP and identify the most severe pITP cases at the time of presentation.

Precision Medicine in Veterinary Science.

Precision medicine focuses on the clinical management of the individual patient, not on population-based findings. Successes from human precision medicine inform veterinary oncology. Early evidence of success for canines shows how precision medicine can be integrated into practice. Decreasing genomic profiling costs will allow increased utilization and subsequent improvement of knowledge base from which to make better informed decisions. Utility of precision medicine in canine oncology will only increase for improved cancer characterization, enhanced therapy selection, and overall more successful management of canine cancer. As such, practitioners are called to interpret and leverage precision medicine reports for their patients.

ACVIM consensus statement on diagnosis and management of urinary incontinence in dogs.

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a disorder of micturition that can occur in dogs of any age, sex, and breed depending on the underlying cause and time of onset. Diagnosis and treatment for various causes of UI in dogs have been described by multiple comprehensive single author review articles, but large prospective clinical trials comparing treatment outcomes in veterinary medicine are lacking. The objectives of this consensus statement therefore are to provide guidelines on both recommended diagnostic testing and treatment for various causes of UI in dogs. Specifically, pathophysiology directly related to the canine urinary system will be reviewed and diagnostic and therapeutic challenges will be addressed. A panel of 12 experts in the field (8 small animal internists [L. Adams, J. Bartges, A. Berent, J. Byron, J. Foster, A. Kendall, S. Vaden, J. Westropp], 2 neurologists [J. Coates, N. Olby], 1 radiologist [G. Oetelaar], and 1 surgeon [C. Adin]) was formed to assess and summarize evidence in the peer-reviewed literature and to complement it with consensus recommendations using the Delphi method. Some statements were not voted on by all panelists. This consensus statement aims to provide guidance for management of both male and female dogs with underlying storage or voiding disorders resulting in UI.

New Therapies in Veterinary Oncology.

The expanding number of specialized oncology therapeutics available in veterinary oncology can make staying updated on the most recent advances challenging. This article summarizes the mechanism of action, available supporting data, and clinical use of three key veterinary cancer/supportive care therapeutics: Laverdia-CA1, Canalevia-CA1, and Stelfonta. This information will help guide clinical use within your practice and can be incorporated into discussions with clients regarding the newest available options for their dogs with cancer.

Efficacy of therapeutic plasma exchange in a case of severe, generalised canine pemphigus foliaceus.

Successful treatment of pemphigus foliaceus (PF) often requires a multimodal therapeutic approach. The dog described herein underwent four therapeutic plasma exchange treatments for severe, refractory PF, resulting in a 50% reduction of lesional body surface area. This treatment option should be considered for the management of canine PF.

O tratamento bem-sucedido do pênfigo foliáceo (PF) geralmente requer uma abordagem terapêutica multimodal. O cão aqui descrito foi submetido a quatro tratamentos de troca de plasma terapêutica (TPE) para PF grave e refratário, resultando em uma redução de 50% da área corpórea lesional. Esta opção de tratamento deve ser considerada para o manejo do PF canino.

El tratamiento exitoso del pénfigo foliáceo (PF) a menudo requiere un enfoque terapéutico multimodal. El perro aquí descrito se sometió a cuatro tratamientos terapéuticos de intercambio plasmático (TPE) para un PF refractario grave, lo que resultó en una reducción del 50% de la superficie corporal lesionada. Esta opción de tratamiento debe considerarse para el control de PF canino.

Traiter efficacement le pemphigus foliacé (PF) nécessite souvent une approche thérapeutique multimodale. Dans ce rapport clinique, un chie a reçu quatre traitements de plasmaphérèse thérapeutique (EPT) pour le traitement d'un PF sévère et réfractaire, ce qui a permis de réduire de 50 % la surface corporelle lésionnelle. Cette option thérapeutique devrait être envisagée pour la prise en charge du PF canin.

Use of an intraoral scanner to evaluate orthodontic treatment for dental malocclusion in a dog.

OBJECTIVE: In human dental practice, intraoral scanners (IOSs) are increasingly used to evaluate the oral cavity. However, there have been no reports concerning evaluation of the canine oral cavity using IOSs in veterinary dentistry. In this case, optical impressions obtained with an IOS were used for 3-D evaluation of the orthodontic treatment outcome. Additionally, few reports have addressed the optimal orthodontic force for canine teeth. Therefore, this case explored whether sufficient tooth movement into the extraction site could be achieved with a lighter orthodontic force than previously reported. ANIMAL: An 8-month-old spayed female dog. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES: A retained right maxillary third deciduous incisor (503) caused distoversion of the right maxillary third permanent incisor (103), leading to dental malocclusion that involved contact between 103 and the right mandibular canine teeth. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: All retained deciduous teeth were extracted. Mesial tipping movement of 103 into the extraction site of 503 was achieved with light orthodontic force using an elastomeric chain. An IOS was used to construct 3-D optical impression data from oral stone models taken before and after treatment, and tooth movement was evaluated. The results showed that 103 had sufficient tipping movement and no anchorage loss; comfortable occlusion was achieved. In addition to crown length extension, labioversion and mesioversion of maxillary incisors (other than 103) were observed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Detailed intraoral evaluation with optical impressions was beneficial in the orthodontic treatment of a dog. Light orthodontic force may be sufficient for movement into the extraction site.